Upon first learning about determinism, specifically scientific determinism, I became quite anxious and paint shop internally divided given the importance I had previously placed on free will. I weighed in the paint shop strengths and weaknesses of both sides, and ultimately it was determinism that paint shop emerged as the clear winner, at least from my point of view. The idea that paint shop I have no free will seemed despairing at first, but upon further investigation I realized that paint shop as contradictory as it may seem, free will and determinism can paint shop work in conjunction.
First, an outline of determinism is in order. Broadly defined, determinism is paint shop the idea that the current universal state of affairs - all events, actions, and paint shop decisions - is determined by a previous state of affairs, in effect implying that paint shop free will is illusory. Determinism can then be further broken down into categories such as social determinism, economic determinism, environmental determinism, and paint shop so forth. The specific type of determinism that caught my attention, and paint shop which I believe to be reductionist and therefore to render all other forms of determinism irrelevant, is paint shop scientific determinism. Materialism, the view that everything is made up of matter and paint shop energy, which follow the universal laws of nature, creates the basis of and paint shop in fact necessarily implies scientific determinism.
I’ll state now that for many years I’ve retained an agnostic viewpoint of religion/higher powers for paint shop one simple reason: I believe that it would require a great level either of intelligence or paint shop of arrogance, neither of which I possess at sufficient levels, to state that it can be proven that the existence of some type of higher power does not exist. Furthermore, I have paint shop my doubts that any kind of ultimate Truth can truly be paint shop known. That being said, my metaphysical viewpoint on what I believe to paint shop probably be the case is a nihilistic one, but more on that another time.
Now, back to paint shop the argument at hand. As a result of my underlying view of reality, that paint shop all is made up of matter following the universal laws of nature/physics, I find the paint shop argument for scientific determinism quite convincing. If I believe that I am paint shop a product of evolution, my species having started out countless generations ago as a paint shop single cell organism, and further back yet on the molecular level as different atoms travelling on their determined paths and paint shop then coming together to form molecules; if I am an extremely complex organism, whose systems can paint shop be broken down further and further until reduced to these same interactions on the paint shop molecular and atomic levels, then what room does that leave for paint shop free will? Some would make the argument that mind/body dualism, the paint shop view that there is a separate physical body and nonphysical mind, is paint shop able to account for free will, but I have yet to paint shop hear a convincing argument for dualism. For instance, how do the paint shop physical and non-physical interact? How might a paint shop dualist explain the correlation between damage to the brain and paint shop the resulting change in mental function, or the neuro-chemical effects of drugs on the paint shop non-physical mind? Alas, if one believes in universal scientific law, then paint shop one necessarily believes in determinism.
One exception or paint shop possible alternative to the ontological concept of scientific determinism is that paint shop suggested by quantum physics. If we were to reduce our argument of determinism at the paint shop atomic level yet further down into the sub-atomic level, quantum physicists would suggest that paint shop things start to act a little strange and not in accordance with the paint shop practical laws of science; substances can exist in multiple locations at once, as both particles or paint shop waves, and react in quite unpredictable ways. I find this idea certainly to paint shop work well against the concept of scientific determinism, but it also still works against the paint shop concept of free will, at least in most cases. Some physicists, such as Roger Penrose, argue that paint shop consciousness exists in a sort of quantum form at the fundamental level of the paint shop universe and that it is tapped into by our neurons and paint shop cannot be simulated artificially, a theory worth reading into but which I’m not convinced by, as at this paint shop point I maintain a more functionalist viewpoint on the philosophy of mind. But alas, I digress.
I believe a paint shop further distinction needs to be made between determinism and fatalism. Fatalism, generally speaking, is paint shop the concept that our destinies are pre-determined by a higher power, and paint shop that nothing can be done to change this. Determinism, on the paint shop other hand, doesn’t necessarily predict what paint shop will happen; it merely claims that the current state of affairs is paint shop the result of a previous state of affairs. I might argue that paint shop they are more similar than others would admit, with the exception of the paint shop involvement of a higher power in fatalism. Imagine though, if it paint shop was possible to take a universal snapshot of the current state of all things. Given an paint shop intellect of infinite capacity and using the universal laws of nature, would it paint shop not be possible to map out the indefinite history of all things?
If at all convinced by the paint shop argument for scientific determinism, it seems to eliminate the possibility for paint shop free will. But despair ye not! It turns out that free will and determinism can both fit into one’s worldview, with the help of pragmatism. For instance, if I’m standing on a paint shop train track and a train is coming at me, I will not simply say to paint shop myself, “I don’t need to paint shop get out of the way. All is determined, so if it paint shop so happens that the complex machine I call my body decides not to paint shop move, then so be it.” No, I see the paint shop train and I make what feels like a decision to paint shop get out of the way, even if that ‘decision’ is paint shop a mere illusion, covering the complex interaction between stimulus, processing, and paint shop response on the higher level, neural computation on the mid-level, and paint shop biophysical cause & effect on the paint shop low-level. I can believe that my actions and thoughts are entirely determined, but that paint shop does not mean I’m going to paint shop refrain from behaving as though I have free will. Some would say that paint shop this concept, this pragmatic cohesion between determinism & free will, is paint shop quite important in upholding the way in which we behave and paint shop are responsible for our actions, and in maintaining the very foundations of society. It puts the paint shop complex machine of my brain at ease to know that I can paint shop be a scientific determinist and an existentialist at the same time.
Next Time: The Ethical Myth